IPOs based in the U.S. raised over $155 billion in 2021, a record year for IPO valuations. At the same time, insiders sold $35.5 billion in shares of companies that went public in 2021 in the U.S., according to VerityData. These insider sales are a negative signal of quality and typically reduce the value of IPOs.
In a new Journal of Marketing study, we focus on the role of innovation potential as a credible signal that reduces the adverse selection present in IPO deals with insider sales. Prior research shows that the managers of IPO firms have a strong tendency to remove information about future innovation from IPO prospectuses to prevent competitors from learning about their plans. In 40% of IPOs, managers seek to protect their competitive advantage by redacting information about upcoming products and what markets they are considering entering.
Our research, however, documents a positive effect on IPO valuation from informing investors of future innovation plans. It allows managers to reduce information asymmetry, offers background information that helps investors better gauge the impact of insider sales, and ultimately increases the value of the IPO.
To establish that innovation potential is a true signal of firm quality, which is unobservable to investors, we document its indirect effect on IPO valuation through the sale of insider shares at the time of an IPO. Sales of insider shares have been extensively shown to have a negative effect on IPO performance. We find that firms with higher innovation potential have lower sales of insider shares, and when these sales occur, firms incur a relatively lower stock price penalty.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Innovation Potential
Innovation potential not only impacts IPO first-day returns directly but also has an indirect effect of reducing the impact of insider sales on IPO valuation. We test these relationships using data from 370 IPOs from the consumer-packaged goods and pharmaceutical industries, where innovation potential is measured using patents, new product preannouncements, and generic references to future innovation in the IPO prospectus. Even if companies choose not to reveal any specifics about new products, generic mentions of future innovation alone can serve as credible signals of firm quality.
Some innovation potential proxies work better than others in terms of signaling the true quality of the firm. We find that patents have a stronger impact on insider sales than preannouncements and generic references of future innovation. This suggests that insiders appear to put more stock into technological innovation—which perhaps they perceive as more tangible—than in strategic actions or corporate communications that reflect a focus on market-based innovations. Also, preannouncements have the strongest impact on first-day IPO returns, suggesting that retail investors focus on the measure of innovation potential that is closest to commercialization.
Our results help investors better understand the conditions under which insider sales occur: on average, insiders are less likely to sell their holdings if the firm has a rich innovation pipeline. Insiders can sell either because they want to cash in for liquidity reasons or because they expect the value of the firm to drop in the future. The significant information asymmetry present at the time of the IPO may not allow investors to determine the motives behind insiders’ actions. If investors assume the latter reason underlies the sale, they will be inclined to pay a lower price for the IPO shares: Our model suggests that a change in insider sales from 0 to 1% decreases IPO first-day returns by 0.95%, on average.
Managerial Implications
Managers seeking to take their firms public can keep in mind the following:
- New product preannouncements may be the strongest signal of innovation potential, and the total effect of preannouncements on IPO first-day returns is higher than that of patents and generic references of innovation. Investors appear to view preannouncements as the clearest indication that the IPO firm will be competitive. Preannouncing an additional new product increases the IPO value by $34.88 million, although in the pharmaceutical industry the value of preannouncements may be driven by the longer life cycle that characterizes products.
- Should the managers of IPO firms not have a new product that is sufficiently developed, or if they are not comfortable preannouncing it, generic references of future innovation can also grab the attention of both underwriters and retail investors, and the direct positive effect on IPO first-day returns is higher than patents. Communicating the general direction of future innovation plans is itself sufficient to increase the valuation of an IPO firm, although not as much as product preannouncements.
From: Zixia Cao, Reo Song, Alina Sorescu, and Ansley Chua, “Innovation Potential, Insider Sales, and IPO Performance: How Firms Can Mitigate the Negative Effect of Insider Selling,” Journal of Marketing.
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Zixia Cao is Associate Professor of Marketing, University of Colorado Denver, USA.
Reo Song is Associate Professor of Marketing, California State University, USA.
Alina Sorescu is Professor of Marketing and Paula and Steve Letbetter `70 Chair in Business, Texas A&M University, USA.
Ansley Chua is Associate Professor of Finance, Kansas State University, USA.